![]() 3, 4 Age-related alterations in arteries ranging in size from the large elastic arteries to the conduit and small resistance arteries and down to the microcirculation are thought to lead to a dysfunctional vascular phenotype that precedes CVDs. 2 Thus, CVDs can be considered true diseases of aging.Īrterial dysfunction plays an important causal role in the vast majority of CVDs. 1 Furthermore, with advancing age, the prevalence of CVDs among Americans increases progressively, from ≈5.5% in 25- to 44-year-olds to ≈41% in people ≥65 years of age. 1 CVDs cause ≈32% of all deaths for Americans ≥65 years of age, making them the leading causes of death in this age group. As the population of older adults steadily expands, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular dysfunction with age is critical to better direct appropriate and measured strategies that use pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to reduce risk of CVD within this population.Ĭardiovascular Disease, Arterial Stiffness, Endothelial Function, and AgingĬardiovascular diseases (CVDs), broadly defined as stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrest, are the predominant killers of Americans, accounting for ≈774 000 deaths per year according to current statistics from the Centers for Disease Control. Lastly, we discuss emerging novel mechanisms of vascular aging, including senescence and genomic instability within cells of the vasculature. We also discuss how long-term calorie restriction-a health span- and life span-extending intervention-can prevent many of these age-related vascular phenotypes through the prevention of deleterious alterations in these mechanisms. This review explores mechanisms that influence age-related large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction at the tissue level via inflammation and oxidative stress and at the cellular level via Klotho and energy-sensing pathways (AMPK, SIRT, and mTOR ). Not limited to traditional CVD, these age-related changes in the vasculature also contribute to other age-related diseases that influence mammalian health span and potential life span. Two major age-related arterial phenotypes, large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction, are independent predictors of future CVD diagnosis and likely are responsible for the development of CVD in older adults. Customer Service and Ordering InformationĪdvancing age promotes cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the United States and many developed nations.Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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